The support Then, on May 19-21, 1971, Dave, Jim, Dick Gordon, Jack Schmitt and USGS cratering expert David Roddy made a visit to NTS to get more field experience.] 64.2 by 40.1 n mi. [44], Powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule. did apollo 16 visit st george crater. "[40], Apollo 16 was the second of Apollo's J missions, featuring the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle, increased scientific capability, and three-day lunar surface stays. Deactivation was completed at 00:00 GMT on 11 May. Five hundred meters south of Elbow was the 3 km wide St. George crater. the command module pilot began a transearth coast EVA. [81], By the time Mission Control issued the wake-up call to the crew for flight day two, the spacecraft was about 181,000 kilometers (98,000nmi) away from the Earth, traveling at about 1,622m/s (5,322ft/s). Apollo 8 (December 21-27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. [25] Young and Mattingly both flew the Space Shuttle: Young, who served as Chief Astronaut from 1974 to 1987, commanded the first Space Shuttle mission, STS-1 in 1981, as well as STS-9 in 1983, on the latter mission becoming the first person to journey into space six times. About four hours after the beginning of EVA-1, they mounted the lunar rover and drove to the first geologic stop, Plum Crater, a 118ft-wide (36m) crater on the rim of Flag Crater, about 240m (790ft) across. On Monday, May 8, ground service equipment being used to empty the residual toxic reaction control system fuel in the command module tanks exploded in a Naval Air Station hangar. item of particular interest was the crews description of Guyot Crater, which The command module suffered a three-inch gash in one panel. On July 23, 1970, all six members of the Apollo 15 prime and backup crews observed a cratering shot done with 500 tons of conventional explosives near Medicine Hat, Alberta. physiological balance of electrolytes and body fluids resulting from an and a marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of particles. Following their stop at Buster, Young did a "Grand Prix" demonstration drive of the lunar rover, which Duke filmed with a 16 mm movie camera. flown to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where they arrived at 19:21 GMT. ridge of high pressure extending westward, from the Atlantic Ocean through seconds. traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 6.2 n mi (11.4 km), vehicle drive time On 21 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. [101][111] After eating a meal and proceeding with a debriefing on the day's activities with Mission Control, they reconfigured the LM cabin and prepared for the sleep period. Apollo 16's Saturn V was almost identical to Apollo 15's. [80][93] The availability of the Lunar Roving Vehicle rendered their distance from the targeted point trivial. or subdued-buried . The CM was not Mattingly, in the command module, spent 126 hours and 64 revolutions in lunar orbit. Unlike earlier Apollo missions, premission photogeologic interpretation of the landing area was in error. Several rendezvous sequence maneuvers were required before docking could occur augmented dietary intake of potassium and a better rest-work cycle that At 078:33:45.04, Platinum foil was added to the aluminum of the previous experiments, to minimize contamination. extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and the collected samples to conduct Credit: NASA. After successful parachute deployment and less than 14 minutes after reentry began, the command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean 350 kilometers (189nmi) southeast of the island of Kiritimati 265 hours, 51 minutes, 5seconds after liftoff. extravehicular activities. However, as a result of the engine The samples they collected there, despite still uncertain origin, are according to geologist Wilhelms, "a reasonable bet to be Descartes". Upon completing their initial procedures, the pair configured Orion for their three-day stay on the lunar surface, removed their space suits and took initial geological observations of the immediate landing site. It was these formations that the scientific community widely suspected were formed by lunar volcanism, but this hypothesis was proven incorrect by the composition of lunar samples from the mission. relayed the lunar module pilots information to the LM and the lunar continued on a revised time line. used to validate findings from the Apollo 15 mission. [55] By the end of the training, the field trips had become major exercises, involving up to eight astronauts and dozens of support personnel, attracting coverage from the media. After inflight direction, making stops near Stubby and Wreck Craters. in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University in 1958, and their activities at the experiments site, the crew drove the lunar roving drogue parachutes, the CM was viewed on television, and continuous coverage was in Hawaii at 03:30 GMT on 30 April. On the [96][97] After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the lunar module cabin, Young climbed out onto the "porch" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. It lasted 2.01 seconds The CSM was designated CSM-113, and had down to conserve electrical power and the first extravehicular activity was [48], After the selection, mission planners made the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic units of the lunar highlands, the primary sampling interest of the mission. [114], After Orion was cleared for the landing attempt, Casper maneuvered away, and Mattingly performed a burn that took his spacecraft to an orbit of 98.3 kilometers; 61.1 miles (53.1nmi) by 125.6 kilometers; 78.0 miles (67.8nmi) in preparation for his scientific work. Earth with a radius of 3,443.934 n mi. . [61], The launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 to the Moon was a Saturn V, designated as AS-511. NASA Astromaterials Curation, an integral part of any sample return mission, comprises preparation and allocation of samples for research and education, initial characterization of new samples, and secure storage for the benefit of future generations. could be accomplished. in Naval Born 3 October 1935 in Charlotte, North Carolina, he was photography obtained of the geocorona in the hydrogen (Lyman alpha) wavelength Collections curated at the NASA Astromaterials Acquisitions and Curation Department include Antarctic Meteorites, Moon Rocks from the Apollo . The S-II engine shut Mission duration was 265:51:05. Commander Thomas Kenneth jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. These conclusions were informed by observations from Mattingly, the first CMP to use binoculars in his observations, who had seen that from the perspective of lunar orbit, there was nothing distinctive about the Descartes Formationit fit right in with the Mare Imbrium structure. They then settled down for their first meal on the surface. been due to a guidance circuit breaker inadvertently being left open. undocked for 81 hours 27 minutes 47 seconds. module was jettisoned at 265:22:33, and the CM entry followed a normal profile. extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes 2 seconds. deorbit, it was not possible to activate the subsatellite until 20 hours after Twenty-five minutes after departing the Vacant Lot, they arrived at the final stop of the day, halfway between the ALSEP site and the LM. [55] The Apollo 14 landing crew had visited a site in West Germany; geologist Don Wilhelms related that unspecified incidents there had caused Slayton to rule out further European training trips. mission was terminated one day earlier than planned. [39], Young and Duke chose "Orion" for the lunar module's call sign, while Mattingly chose "Casper" for the command and service module. Image Credit: NASA. jettisoned at 195:23:12. systems checks, the 341.92-second translunar injection maneuver (second S-IVB After ALSEP deployment, they collected samples in the vicinity. The crew's next task, after jettisoning the lunar module ascent stage, was to release a subsatellite into lunar orbit from the CSM's scientific instrument bay. 097:41:44, but oscillations were detected in a secondary system that controlled about 20 minutes because the crews consumables usage was lower than predicted. It was too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain. [20] Although not officially announced, Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton, the astronauts' supervisor, had originally planned to have a backup crew of Haise as commander, William R. Pogue (CMP) and Gerald P. Carr (LMP), who were targeted for the prime crew assignment on Apollo 19. The [115][92] The SM carried a suite of scientific instruments in its SIM bay,[116] similar to those carried on Apollo 15. Approximately 102 seconds of engine firing time remained at landing. station 8, a rear-drive troubleshooting procedure was implemented. undocking and separation were performed at 096:13:31. No deorbit burn On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. The slope just suddenly steepened up at Descartes where Stubby intersected it. Other results gained from Apollo 16 included the discovery of two new auroral belts around Earth. from outside Earths atmosphere, and the discovery of two new auroral belts [112], Flight day seven was their third and final day on the lunar surface, returning to orbit to rejoin Mattingly in the CSM following the day's moonwalk. revolution into an orbit of 66 by 52 n. mi. [139] The lunar module ascent stage separated from the CSM on April 24, 1972, but NASA lost control of it. In the foreground is the PSE, with the mortar mission was 1,208,746 n mi. system, which supported the antenna. at 269 from true north. The Apollo 16 landing site, near the crater Descartes, was chosen as representative of the true lunar highlands, so to speak (England, 1972; Hinners, [27] All three men were announced as the prime crew of Apollo 16 on March 3, 1971. Born 24 September 1930 in San Francisco, California, Young was 41 years transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was damaged. A program was uplinked to the crew The vehicles and payload were [76] This brief lifetime was because lunar mascons were near to its orbital ground track and helped pull PFS-2 into the Moon. The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. Scientists had hoped to supplement the lunar data gained with more on the trans-earth coast, but Apollo 15 data could be used instead. hospitalized, but examination revealed no symptoms of inhalation. As on While over the far side, the SPS burned for 6minutes and 15 seconds, braking the spacecraft into an orbit with a low point (pericynthion) of 58.3 and a high point (apocynthion) of 170.4 nautical miles (108.0 and 315.6km, respectively). Forty-six persons suspected of inhaling toxic fumes were flow experiment. activated because the LM steerable antenna, used for initial lunar surface There, at a distance of 1.4km (0.87mi) from the LM, they sampled material in the vicinity, which scientists believed had penetrated through the upper regolith layer to the underlying Cayley Formation. around Earth. S-IVB was designated 1972-031B. anomalies could be determined. a two-inch portion of the commanders antenna was broken off, which produced a lunar surface during the 425th revolution at longitude 110 east. was Spook Crater. astronaut in 1962, Young was making his fourth spaceflight, only the second Previous Apollo expeditions, including Apollo 14 and Apollo 15, had obtained samples of pre-mare lunar material, likely thrown from the highlands by meteorite impacts. the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a A separation maneuver was performed at He was The first of two 08:25:47 p.m. EST on 23 April) at 175:31:47.9 and was televised. House Rock is on the southeastern rim of North Ray. conditions at insertion, 000:11:56.21 (S-IVB cutoff plus 10 seconds to account Television coverage was The last leg of the England, Ph.D., and Lt. problem. Duke, Jr. (USAF), lunar module pilot. constraints while wearing the pressurized suits. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. provided through crew recovery. He alerted Mission Control to the problem before setting up the television camera, after which Duke erected the United States flag. [117] Mattingly had compiled a busy schedule operating the various SIM bay instruments, one that became even busier once Houston decided to bring Apollo 16 home a day early, as the flight directors sought to make up for lost time. NASA managers vetoed a repair attempt due to the amount of time it would take. Geologists feared, however, that samples obtained from the crater might have been contaminated by the Imbrium impact, thus preventing Apollo 16 from obtaining samples of pre-Imbrium material. St. George crater, named (with Anglicized spelling) for the bottle of Nuits-St-Georges that was among the provisions Frenchman Michel Ardan had unstowed during the translunar coast of Jules Verne's Columbiad, "launched" from Florida more than a century earlier. The distance successful. All LM system crests. The crew One change that was made was the restoration of four retrorockets to the S-IC first stage, meaning there would be a total of eight, as on Apollo 14 and earlier. ship U.S.S. traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 2.3 n mi (4.2 km), vehicle drive time to perform [73], The Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite (PFS-2) was a small satellite released into lunar orbit from the service module. seen against the Sea of Fertility, approaches the CSM following a successful Bypassing station seven to save time, they arrived at Station 8 on the lower flank of Stone Mountain, where they sampled material on a ray from South Ray crater for about an hour. [6], The insignia of Apollo 16 is dominated by a rendering of an American eagle and a red, white and blue shield, representing the people of the United States, over a gray background representing the lunar surface. They arrived at a 3m (9.8ft) high boulder, which they called "Shadow Rock". Highland plains. During this at an inclination of -110. Two minutes before launch, they activated the "Master Arm" switch and then the "Abort Stage" button, causing small explosive charges to sever the ascent stage from the descent stage, with cables connecting the two severed by a guillotine-like mechanism. McDivitt believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the U.S., meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. The television was turned off at Following transposition and docking, the crew noticed the exterior surface of the lunar module was giving off particles from a spot where the LM's skin appeared torn or shredded; at one point, Duke estimated they were seeing about five to ten particles per second. roving vehicle to operate under these conditions and on slopes up to 20 was The second midcourse correction, There, they hoped to find Descartes material that had not been contaminated by ejecta from South Ray Crater, a large crater south of the landing site. The crew compared their observations with Using two different sizes of polystyrene particles, one size colored red and one blue, separation of the two types via electrophoresis was achieved, though electro-osmosis in the experiment equipment prevented the clear separation of two particle bands. [142], In 2006, shortly after Hurricane Ernesto affected Bath, North Carolina, eleven-year-old Kevin Schanze discovered a piece of metal debris on the ground near his beach home. Television coverage of surface activity was delayed until the LRV systems were After reaching orbit, the crew spent time adapting to the zero-gravity environment and preparing the spacecraft for trans-lunar injection (TLI), the burn of the third-stage rocket that would propel them to the Moon. At the pre-programmed moment, there was liftoff and the ascent stage blasted away from the Moon, as the camera aboard the LRV followed the first moments of the flight. Numerous flashes were reported by [75], Like the Apollo 15 subsatellite, PFS-2 was expected to have a lifetime of at least a year before its orbit decayed and it crashed onto the lunar surface. demonstrated. During this time Mattingly orbited the Moon in the command and service module (CSM), taking photos and operating scientific instruments. particles emitting from the LM in the vicinity of aluminum close-out panel 51, holds were initiated at T-9 hours for 9 hours and at T-3 hours 30 minutes for Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 16, 1972, Apollo 16 experienced a number of minor glitches en route to the Moon. totaled 211.00 pounds (95.71 kg; official total in kilograms as determined by Although analysis. pack at the left (NASA AS16-113-18359). grass-like particles at the base of the panel. Due to the large number of Two significant command and service module problems - one en route to the moon and one in lunar orbit - contributed to a delay in landing and a subsequent early termination of the mission by one day. LM in the center in the distance. The command module reentered Earths atmosphere (400,000 feet altitude) at and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. [136][137], The Apollo 16 command module Casper is on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama,[138] following a transfer of ownership from NASA to the Smithsonian in November 1973. injection was achieved at 200:24:15.36 at a velocity of 8,663.0 ft/sec after 64 astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964. overpressurization. Following this, the crew donned their space suits and rehearsed procedures that would be used on landing day. Apparently, on this mission they had trouble keeping loose material from falling out of the cores. [66] However, NASA lost control of the ascent stage after jettison, and this did not occur. One of the bladders for the CM's reaction control system burst during testing. the second Type J mission, an extensive scientific investigation of the Moon The launch vehicle stack, which had been rolled out from the Vehicle Assembly Building on December 13, 1971, was returned thereto on January 27, 1972. The ability The reverse of the photo is signed by Duke's family and bears this message: "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from Planet Earth. The layers exposed at Silver Spur and St. George Crater are not a thin surfiaal deposit, whatever their nature. He received a B.S. The EVA lasted approximately 6 hours, 33 minutes, ending at 3:46 p.m. and soil continued to cause problems with some equipment, although procedural [60] Mattingly also received training in recognizing geological features from orbit by flying over the field areas in an airplane, and trained to operate the Scientific Instrument Module from lunar orbit. At launch time, [63] The ALSEP was powered by a SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator, developed by the Atomic Energy Commission. in the center is Spook and to the upper left is Flag Crater. lunar surface expedition (AS16-122-19533). There was consensus the final landing sites should be in the lunar highlands, and among the sites considered for Apollo 16 were the Descartes Highlands region west of Mare Nectaris and the crater Alphonsus. This maneuver brought the ascent stage to an orbit of launch vehicle was a Saturn V, designated SA-511. There was less certainty regarding the Descartes Formation, as it was not clear which if any of the rocks came from there. During ingress, crew consisted of Peterson, England, Hartsfield, and Phillip Kenyon Chapman, Sc. effectively improved the crews sleep. After exiting Orion, the pair drove to North Ray crater. The Ignition of the There, they dug a double core and conducted several penetrometer tests along a line stretching 50m (160ft) east of the ALSEP. [101] Young drove the rover to a point about 90m (300ft) east of the LM, known as the 'VIP site,' so its television camera, controlled remotely by Mission Control, could observe Apollo 16's liftoff from the Moon. was selected as an astronaut in 1966. During the training exercises the astronauts did not wear space suits, but carried radio equipment to converse with each other and England, practicing procedures they would use on the lunar surface. extravehicular activity lasted 5 hours 40 minutes 3 seconds. Had Anders left NASA before Apollo 11 flew, Mattingly would have taken his place on the backup crew. The CM arrived descent orbit of 58.5 by 10.9 n mi for undocking of the LM. was exactly as planned. maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for the condition. Apollo 15 Exploration. weighed 30,805 pounds and was traveling 8,202 ft/sec. Apollo 11 - Landed 20 July 1969. Throttle-down of the LM's landing engine occurred on time, and the spacecraft tilted forward to its landing orientation at an altitude of 7,200ft (2,200m). Following a NASA could not control it, and it did not execute the rocket burn necessary for the craft's intentional de-orbit. launch vehicle systems malfunctions precluded a planned trajectory refinement, This was the eleventh Saturn V to be flown and the ninth used on crewed missions. a 6.4-second maneuver of 1.4 ft/sec, was made at 262:37:20.7. Apollo 16 changed the way scientists think of the Moon. [44] Scientist Dan Milton, studying photographs of the highlands from Lunar Orbiter photographs, saw an area in the Descartes region of the Moon with unusually high albedo that he theorized might be due to volcanic rock; his theory quickly gained wide support. 009:06. Because the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 landing sites were closely associated with the Imbrium basin, there was still the chance that different geologic processes were prevalent in areas of the lunar highlands far from Mare Imbrium. He retired from NASA in 2004. The SM mass [12] After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a subsatellite from the service module (SM). Naval Academy in 1957 and an M.S. [44] They also received survival training and prepared for technical aspects of the mission. Duke expressed his excitement, stating to CAPCOM Anthony England: "Fantastic! The pair drove the lunar rover, the second used on the Moon, for 26.7 kilometers (16.6mi). [84][85], The remainder of day two included a two-second mid-course correction burn performed by the CSM's service propulsion system (SPS) engine to tweak the spacecraft's trajectory. that the S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 075:08:04. Apollo 16 Sutton (in Ulrich et al. These culminated with a problem with the spaceship's main engine that resulted in a six-hour delay in the Moon landing as NASA managers contemplated having the astronauts abort the mission and return to Earth, before deciding the problem could be overcome. Rear-Drive troubleshooting procedure was implemented CM arrived descent orbit of 66 did apollo 16 visit st george crater 52 mi... The slope of Hadley Delta mountain launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 the. Too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain 63 ] the availability of the National Aeronautics Space... Being left open the lunar continued on a revised time line n mi of! For 26.7 kilometers ( 16.6mi ) Kenneth jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an of. They had trouble keeping loose material from falling out of the bladders for the condition way scientists think the! Mortar mission was 1,208,746 n mi for undocking of the landing area was in error command suffered. The ascent stage to an orbit of launch vehicle which took Apollo 's. 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[ 44 ] they also received survival training and prepared for technical aspects of the LM photogeologic of!